PEER TEACHING
Definition
Peer
teaching method is the tehnique of teaching material delivered trough
associates or friends help themselves. Starting from the discussion of the material
until the assesment is also made of and by students in group itself (self-assessment dan peer
assessment).
According
to Jarvis (2001), Peer teaching is a
learner-centered activity because members of educational communities plan and
facilitate learning opportunities for each other. There is the expectation of
reciprocity, e.g., peers will plan and facilitate courses of study and be able
to learn from the planning and facilitation of other members of the community.
Advantage
•
Increase
students' motivation.
•
Improve
the quality and the learning process.
•
Improve
students' social interactive learning.
•
Encourages
students towards higher level thinking
•
Develop
the skills to work in groups.
•
Increasing
sense of responsibility for their own learning.
•
Build
a spirit of working together.
•
Train
communication skills.
•
Improve
learning outcomes.
Disadvantage
•
Requires
a relatively long time
•
If the
student does not have the relevant knowledge base then this method becomes
ineffective
•
The
possibility is dominated by students who like to talk, smart, or who want to
stand out
•
Not
all teachers really understand how each student to work in groups
•
Need
to be modified to fit applied to elementary students (this technique is usually
applied in PT)
•
Require
extra attention strict teacher
GROUP DYNAMIC
People
may underestimate the importance of society and group memberships on their
lives. Whilst people sometimes undertake solo journeys yet by and large much of
our experiences of life involves being engaged with others and groups.
Group dynamics deals with the attitudes
and behavioral patterns of a group. Group dynamics concern how groups are
formed, what is their structure and which processes are followed in their
functioning. Thus, it is concerned with the interactions and forces operating
between groups.
Group dynamics is relevant to groups of
all kinds – both formal and informal. If the UPA government has set up Group of
Ministers for every governance issue, the Supreme Court of India has 27 Group
of Judges committees overseeing all manner of non-judicial work in the apex
court. In an organizational setting, the term groups are a very common and the
study of groups and group dynamics is an important area of study.
What is A Group?
Every organization is a group unto
itself. A group refers to two or more people who share a common meaning and
evaluation of themselves and come together to achieve common goals. In other
words, a group is a collection of people who interact with one another; accept
rights and obligations as members and who share a common identity.
Characteristics of a Group:
Regardless of the size or the purpose,
every group has similar characteristics:
(a)
2 or more persons (if it is one person, it is not a group)
(b)
Formal social structure (the rules of the game are defined)
(c)
Common fate (they will swim together)
(d)
Common goals (the destiny is the same and emotionally connected)
(e)
Face-to-face interaction (they will talk with each other)
(f)
Interdependence (each one is complimentary to the other)
(g)
Self-definition as group members (what one is who belongs to the group)
(h)
Recognition by others (yes, you belong to the group).
Process/Stages of Group
Development/Evolution:
Group Development is a dynamic process.
How do groups evolve? There is a process of five stages through which groups
pass through. The process includes the five stages: forming, storming, forming,
performing, and adjourning.
Forming:
The first stage in the life of a group
is concerned with forming a group. This stage is characterized by members
seeking either a work assignment (in a formal group) or other benefit, like
status, affiliation, power, etc. (in an informal group). Members at this stage
either engage in busy type of activity or show apathy.
Storming:
The next stage in this group is marked
by the formation of dyads and triads. Members seek out familiar or similar
individuals and begin a deeper sharing of self. Continued attention to the
subgroup creates a differentiation in the group and tensions across the dyads /
triads may appear. Pairing is a common phenomenon. There will be conflict about
controlling the group.
Norming:
The third stage of group development is
marked by a more serious concern about task performance. The dyads/triads begin
to open up and seek out other members in the group. Efforts are made to
establish various norms for task performance.
Members begin to take greater
responsibility for their own group and relationship while the authority figure
becomes relaxed. Once this stage is complete, a clear picture will emerge about
hierarchy of leadership. The norming stage is over with the solidification of
the group structure and a sense of group identity and camaraderie.
Performing:
This is a stage of a fully functional
group where members see themselves as a group and get involved in the task.
Each person makes a contribution and the authority figure is also seen as a
part of the group. Group norms are followed and collective pressure is exerted
to ensure the Process of Group effectiveness of the group.
The group may redefine its goals
Development in the light of information from the outside environment and show an
autonomous will to pursue those goals. The long-term viability of the group is
established and nurtured.
